Saturday, November 24, 2012

Disaster Recovery And Business Continuity - Social Bookmarking .Net

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Source: http://www.social-bookmarking.net/images/disaster-recovery-and-business-continuity/

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Bajaj Finance seeks Sebi approval for Rs 750 cr rights issue | Firstpost

Mumbai: Non-banking finance company Bajaj Finance has sought market regulator Sebi?s approval to raise up to Rs 750 crore through a rights issue.

Issue of equity shares on a rights basis to its existing equity shareholders would aggregate up to Rs 750 crore, draft prospectus filed by Bajaj Finance with Sebi showed. In rights issue, shares are issued to existing investors as per their holding at pre-determined price and ratio.

Rahul Bajaj and Rajiv Bajaj. Reuters

The company plans to use the proceeds of the issue for strengthening its capital base. ?We intend to invest the funds in high quality interest bearing liquid instruments including investment in money market mutual funds, deposits with banks and other interest/premium bearing securities for the necessary duration,? Bajaj Finance said.

JM Financial Institutional Securities is acting as lead mangers to the issue, while Karvy Computershare is the registrar.

Bajaj Finance, a subsidiary of Bajaj Finserv, is engaged in the buiness of consumer finance, SME finance and commercial lending.

Earlier in August, Sebi had given its go-ahead to Bajaj Finserv to raise up to Rs 1,000 crore through rights issue. Shares of Bajaj Finance today surged by 2.62 percent to settle at Rs 1,362.05 apiece on the NSE.

PTI

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Source: http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/investing-fwire/bajaj-finance-seeks-sebi-approval-for-rs-750-cr-rights-issue-533707.html

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Disney Research robot plays catch and juggles with humans, won't replace their parents (video)

Disney Research robot catches and juggles with its human lackeys, won't replace our parents video

It's entirely possible for robots to juggle or play catch. They've usually been relegated to playing with their own kind, however, which is as good an excuse as any for Disney Research to experiment with a ball-tossing robot tailored to games with humans. The animatronic creation uses a depth-aware motion camera -- there's conflicting mentions of using both the Microsoft Kinect and ASUS' Xtion Pro Live that we're hoping to sort out -- to track any mid-air balls as well as throw them back to a human participant. Disney's robot does more than just move the robot's arm to account for imperfect tosses, too, as it knows to feign a dejected look after a botched reception. The company suggests that its invention would ideally bring two-way interaction to theme parks, so it's more likely to show up at Disneyland before it stands in for a parent in the backyard. It's just as well; when the Robopocalypse comes, the last thing we'll want at home is a machine that can toss grenades.

Continue reading Disney Research robot plays catch and juggles with humans, won't replace their parents (video)

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Via: Gizmodo

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Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/gF5viFbNOsk/

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Friday, November 23, 2012

Technology can help a job search

While the basics of job search remain the same, new technology has improved the effectiveness of those basics and has greatly improved the ease of which they are executed.

The basics, of course, include finding employers that hire your skills and getting those employers to know you; or at least to know of you. Networking has always been the most effective way to accomplish job search and will likely remain so into the foreseeable future.

Here are three things you can do to utilize new technology to get a job:

? Expand your relationships on as many social networking websites as you can effectively manage. Start with Facebook and LinkedIn and add others as you can. Create complete personal profiles on each of these sites. Get as many ?connections? or ?friends? as you can. If you have the know-how, create a professional website of your own, highlighting your skills.

? If you have a smartphone, download apps that are specifically designed for job search and connecting with employers. These include apps such as CareerBliss, BusyBee and Real-Time Jobs, all offered free of charge. You can search for other apps that may be useful.

? Avoid spending too much time searching for advertised jobs. Many jobs are filled before they are advertised, and the general rule is that the better the job, the less likely it will be advertised. Instead, use social media to focus on finding and developing relationships with companies that hire your skills.

Again, these techniques are not new, but new technology is changing how you go about executing them. Simply put, technology is creating innovative and more effective options to accomplish the same methods as has always worked: find employers that hire your skills and get those employers to know you, or at least to know of you.

Imagine, for a moment, what employers face when making a hiring decision. Especially in today?s struggling job market for job seekers, employers are inundated with scores or even hundreds of applications, r?sum?s and cover letters.

Most employers would welcome a strong recommendation from someone they know and trust rather than to make hiring decisions solely on their own.

By using social media websites, you can expand your network and improve your connections to employers that hire your skills.

Remember that potential employers will likely review at least your Facebook and your LinkedIn profiles. If you use Twitter, they will also likely review what you have tweeted in the past few months or even years.

Our social media presence has become more of a representation of our image than ever before, either good or bad. If you want a professional image, your Facebook posts and your Twitter tweets need to be professional. If you want to look professional, be professional in all you do. For each and every item you post or tweet, ask yourself how potential employers would view it.

Technology is advancing at a rapid pace. Learning to use it in your job search will greatly improve your chance of finding that right employer that is willing to offer you that right job, which, in today?s job market, is critically important.

Ron Campbell has worked extensively in the job preparation and job search industry. He can be reached at campbellrv@gmail.com or

801-386-1111.

Source: http://www.standard.net/stories/2012/11/23/technology-can-help-job-search

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Valley sports and recreation calendar | Clovis Independent

Nov 23, 2012, 12:45pm

Central San Joaquin Valley recreational opportunities and announcements. Submit items and search for events using planitfresno.com. All numbers in 559 area code unless otherwise noted.

BASEBALL

ADP 14-U Tournament: Friday-Sunday. Figarden Loop Park, $400. Also accepting new players, 5-8 p.m. Grades 8-11. 4265 N. Figarden Drive, 549-4487, adpbaseball.com.

Bullard Cal Ripken Spring Sign-Ups: Dec. 1, 8 and 15. Ages 4-12 and 7-8th grade prep. Starr Elementary cafeteria or bullardcalripken.org, 289-8630.

Central Valley Baseball Coaches Clinic: 8 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Dec. 1, featuring ex-Fresno State coach Bob Bennett, UCLA?s John Savage, Long Beach State?s Troy Buckley and others. Reedley College Dining Hall. $100. Jason Murrietta (714) 943-1565 or Josh Labandeira 901-8912.

BASKETBALL

Lil Riders Sign-Ups: 6-7 p.m. today. Ages 7-15 for boys and girls, East Fresno Boys & Girls Club, 266-7605, bgclubfc.org, $25.

Youth Basketball: 7 p.m. Jan. 5. Six-week program for boys and girls ages 3-6. Ted C. Wills Community Center. 621-7529, parksonline.fresno.gov, $50.

Junior Basketball: 7 p.m. Jan. 12. Eight-week program for boys and girls ages 7-9 and 10-12. Holmes Neighborhood Center. 621-7529, parksonline.fresno.gov, $50.

Bullard Little Knights League: 8 Jan. 19-Feb. 23. Boys and girls grades K-8. Bullard High. 213-2533, bullardbasketball.com, $75.

FOOTBALL

Youth camp: Cream of the Crop Youth All-Star, 9 a.m.-3 p.m. Saturday at Computech Middle School. Ages 7-13, Mighty Mites/Pee Wee/Juniors. $30. Registration info at ccyafootball.com or (888) 407-2611.

GOLF

Junior Golf Tournament: 1 p.m. Dec. 2. Ages 6-17, 9 holes. Riverbend Golf Club, Madera. 269-6369, cvjrgolf.com.

Start Smart Golf: Jan. 19, 10 a.m. at Orchid Park, 12:30 p.m. at Selma Layne. Parent participation program for children ages 5-7. 621-7529, parksonline.fresno.gov, $50.

LACROSSE

Girls team seeks players, coaches: Register by Jan. 12. Six weeks, plus playoffs. Hoover High cafeteria. 621-7529, parksonline.fresno.gov, $50.

Central California Lacrosse Club: 9:30 a.m.-noon Saturdays. Men?s club seeks players. San Gabriel Park, Clovis. 388-4428, fresnolacrosse@gmail.com.

MARTIAL ARTS

West Clovis Judo Club seeks members: 7-9 p.m. Tuesdays and Thursdays. Kastner Intermediate. 434-3459, jtakedachukajudo.org.

Clovis Judo: 7-8:30 p.m. Mondays and Wednesdays. Alta Sierra Intermediate. 299-3739.

Japan Ways Traditional Karate: Mondays-Saturdays. Beginner, intermediate and advanced. 432-7817, japanways.com.

Karazenpo Karate: 6:30-8:30 p.m. Tuesdays. 225-2199, karazenpofresno.org. $25 monthly, $10 additional family member.

MISCELLANEOUS

Oakhurst Pentaque Club: 9 a.m. Saturday. Oakhurst Elementary. 683-6540. Free. oakhurstpetanque.org.

Clovis Rugby Club: 5:30-7:30 p.m. Mondays and Wednesdays. Bicentennial Park, Clovis. 322-9160.

Dart tournaments: 7:30 p.m. second Saturday each month. Classic Billiards, Clovis. 765-9540. $15.

Fresno Petanque Club: Game days 1 p.m. Wednesdays, 10 a.m. Sundays and 5 p.m. Tuesdays. Cary Park, 4750 N. Fresno St. Beginners welcome. 431-5944, fresnopetanque@gmail.com.

Fresno Scuba Club: 6:30 p.m. first Wednesday each month, Marie Callender?s, 1781 E. Shaw Ave., centralvalleyscubafrogs.com.

Pickleball: All ages, skills. 834-2688.

Tulare County Trap Club/Shooting: 9 a.m.-3 p.m. Sundays. Trap, wobble trap, skeet. 772-2334.

RUN/WALK

Fresno Turkey Trot 5K run, 2-mile walk: 8 a.m. today, Woodward Park, 433-6750, fresnoturkeytrot.eventbrite.com, $20-$35.

Jingle Bell Run, Toys for Tots: 9 p.m. Dec. 15. Christmas Tree Lane, 322-9371, fresnojinglebellrun.com, $30, $20 Children.

SOFTBALL

Madera Destroyers fast-pitch tryouts: Available through Jan. 26. Ages 8-15. Also seeking coaches. 363-6035, leaguelineup.com/maderadestroyers12u.

Fresno Force tryouts 12-U-Rodriguez team: 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Dec. 1-2. Keith Tice Memorial Park, fresnoforce.com.

Fresno Blaze Club: Seeking players and coaches. Ages 12-18. Bullard High school, 970-0935, fresnoblaze.com.

TENNIS

Start Smart Tennis: 5:30 p.m. March 5. Parent participation program for children ages 5-7. Orchid Park. 621-7529, parksonline.fresno.gov, $50.

The Fresno Bee

Source: http://clovisindependent.com/2012/11/23/valley-sports-and-recreation-calendar-3/

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New 'Killing Them Softly' Trailer: Brad Pitt & The Sopranos Make A Crime Drama (VIDEO)

Don't let "Killing Them Softly" get lost in the throng of year-end prestige releases. The new film, from year-end specialists The Weinstein Company, is out on Nov. 30 and has received strong reviews since its bow at the Cannes Film Festival in May. It also stars Brad Pitt and at least three former cast members from "The Sopranos."

Based on the 1974 crime novel "Cogan's Trade" by George V. Higgins, "Killing Them Softly" focuses on a hitman (Pitt) hired to dispose of a few small-time crooks after they rob a local poker game. James Gandolfini plays one of Pitt's onscreen associates, while Vincent Curatola -- better known to "Sopranos" fans as Johnny Sack -- appears in the film (and this new trailer) as well. A third former "Sopranos" co-star, Max Casella, is listed on the "Killing Them Softly" IMDb page.

Despite the fact that Higgins' novel takes place in the '70s, director Andrew Dominik ("The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford") has updated the proceedings to modern times. As previously reported by Indiewire's blog The Playlist, the film begins with an excerpt from Barack Obama's 2008 Democratic Convention speech: "What is that American promise? It's a promise that says each of us has the freedom to make of our own lives what we will, but that we also have obligations to treat each other with dignity and respect."

As such, "Killing Them Softly" is about more than just your average, run-of-the-mill mafioso; as Pitt says to Richard Jenkins at the end of the clip, "I'm living in America. America's not a country, it's just a business."

"Killing Them Softly" was originally set for release in September and then October. The Weinstein Company finally settled on Nov. 30 to spring the Pitt film on audiences, hoping to take advantage of the post-Thanksgiving lull on the release calendar.

  • 'Killing Them Softly'

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/22/new-killing-them-softly-trailer_n_2175381.html

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Thursday, November 22, 2012

M23 rebels press forward after east Congo gains

GOMA, Congo (AP) ? A rebel group seeking to overthrow the Congolese government focused its aim Thursday on seizing the strategic eastern town of Bukavu, which would mark the biggest gain in rebel territory in nearly a decade if it were to fall.

The fighters believed to be backed by neighboring Rwanda already have seized the provincial capital of Goma this week and later took the nearby town of Sake on Wednesday.

The violence has forced more than 100,000 people to flee, more than half of whom are children, according to the U.N. children's agency.

While they have vowed to overthrow President Joseph Kabila's government, they remain some 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) from the capital of Kinshasa in a country of dense jungle with few paved roads.

Meanwhile, hundreds of Congolese soldiers who had retreated from Goma days earlier were holed up in Minova, a lakeside city on the road to Bukavu.

"We are waiting for orders, but they haven't come yet. We're hungry and have spent five days sleeping in the bush under the rain," said a Congolese army major who spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the matter.

The rebels are believed to be backed by Rwanda, and to a smaller extent by Uganda, which are accused of equipping them with sophisticated arms, including night vision goggles and 120 mm mortars.

A report released Wednesday by the U.N. Group of Experts said both Rwanda and Uganda have "cooperated to support the creation and expansion of the political branch of M23 and have consistently advocated on behalf of the rebels."

The report's release, just one day after the violent takeover of Goma, is sure to increase pressure on the international community to confront the two eastern African countries over their role in neighboring Congo's conflict.

Both Rwanda and Uganda have repeatedly denied supporting the M23 movement and have faced little international criticism over the allegations.

Goma was last threatened by rebels in 2008 when fighters from the now-defunct National Congress for the Defense of the People, or CNDP, stopped just short of the city.

Their backs to the wall, the Congolese government agreed to enter into talks with the CNDP and a year later, on March 23, 2009, a peace deal was negotiated calling for the CNDP to put down their arms in return for being integrated into the national army.

The peace deal fell apart this April, when up to 700 soldiers, most of them ex-CNDP members, defected from the army, claiming that the Congolese government had failed to uphold their end of the deal. Like in 2008, they again advanced toward Goma. This time, the city fell and the disastrous consequences for the population were already on display.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/m23-rebels-press-forward-east-congo-gains-103204781.html

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Leading a nonprofit 8: some implications of the nonprofit funding ...

This is my eighth installment in a new series on leading a nonprofit (see my Guide to Effective Job Search and Career Development ? 2, postings 267-273 for Parts 1-7.) As I noted in Part 7: benchmarking and keeping the organization focused and effective, my goal here has been to focus on issues and perspectives that are particular to leading a nonprofit organization, as I have already been posting fairly extensively on executive level management and leadership per se. And with that point noted, I turn in this posting to consider what in many respects is the central, defining issue that would set nonprofit leadership apart from leadership of any other type of organization: for profit or not for profit in the private sector or leadership of a governmental organization or agency in the public sector.

? Nonprofits are mission and vision driven, and mission and vision-oriented sources of direct value that are created through the organization almost always go to different individuals and families than the ones who donate the funds that would enable those direct benefits. Donors, I add, make their contributions in this from what they can be brought to see as their available discretionary income.
? So in a very fundamental sense, and looking at this from the perspective of the people who make donations and who provide the nonprofit?s incoming revenue streams, nonprofits are in the business of creating and providing a sustaining sense of hope.
? Nonprofits are in the hope business, and that ultimately is their product and service, and even as they actually succeed in taking successful steps towards specifically fulfilling their overall mission and vision statement goals.

I find myself thinking of healthcare-oriented nonprofits that I have worked with as I write this, and particularly The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. And I find myself thinking of educational opportunity and community development oriented nonprofits that I have worked with too, and in that regard I find myself thinking of Per Scholas.

The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society supports translational research that brings discoveries from the laboratory into clinical practice and application where they can save lives and improve the quality of life for many. And the Society also provides direct support for individuals and their families who are confronted with the at times terrifying challenges of blood cancer. Per Scholas offers opportunity for people from under-served and impoverished communities to create futures for themselves and their families. Both take positive steps and every single day towards fulfilling their missions and visions. But bottom line, their primary product and certainly as offered to those who financially support them is hope. In a fundamental sense and longer-term, that sense of hope means that they would in effect put themselves out of business by completing the realization of their mission and vision goals.

? So in a fundamental sense and certainly long-term, a mission and vision driven nonprofit seeks to put itself out of business by making itself no longer needed.

And this brings me to nonprofit leadership and to the type of person it takes to run a nonprofit on an ongoing basis.

? As I have already noted in other postings, the one consistent route to advancement up the table of organization in nonprofit systems, is to move between nonprofits (see for example, Nonprofits ? Staffing and Career Potential.) With their limited staffing ? a basic tool for limiting personnel and other non-mission expenses, most nonprofits rarely offer real, consistent opportunity for advancement from within.
? So people advance to higher levels of responsibility by moving on to work with other nonprofits. And this applies to top leadership positions for already established nonprofits, just as it does for every other non-entry level type of position, and certainly for higher level positions in those organizations.

That means that most new chief executive officers for established nonprofits at least, start there as outside hires with extensive experience in the nonprofit sector from working with other organizations ? and in support of other missions and visions.

? Effective leadership of a nonprofit organization does not necessarily call for a specific overriding drive towards supporting any one particular mission or vision ? though some nonprofit leaders start out with such a focus and maintain it throughout their overall career paths.
? Effective nonprofit leadership calls for an understanding and appreciation of the overarching value of societally important missions and visions per se, and a willingness to enter into and work to support them and on an ongoing basis.
? And when an executive assumes leadership with a specific nonprofit they do so agreeing to wholeheartedly support its mission and vision and for as long as they work there.

Any CEO should be expected to show loyalty to their organization and to the employees they lead there, and to their customers and others who rely on them. That is a general principle, and a test of principle and character that any chief executive officer should be measured against. Nonprofit leaders, or at least good ones, exemplify the spirit of that in their day to day lives. That at least is what I have seen in the best of them and the most effective of them as leaders. Businesses with primarily self-serving leaders who are in it only for themselves suffer from that; nonprofits with that type of leadership fail. And mission and vision become litmus tests for a nonprofit?s and a nonprofit?s leader?s success.

I am going to continue this discussion in my next installment where I will shift focus from the established nonprofit, to building and leading a new nonprofit ? a nonprofit startup. Meanwhile, you can find this and related postings at my Guide to Effective Job Search and Career Development ? 2. I have also posted extensively on jobs and careers-related topics in my first Guide directory page on Job Search and Career Development. You can also find this and related postings at Nonprofits and Social Networking.

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Source: http://plattperspective.wordpress.com/2012/11/22/leading-a-nonprofit-8-some-implications-the-nonprofit-funding-base-as-donors-discretionary-income/

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Heating and Air Conditioning Repairs - Huasteco

Posted by :admin On : November 21, 2012

HVAC Eagan MN Selecting a skilled professional who uses the quality materials and understands heating and cooling system is the most essential step if you need repairs for these systems. Multiple varieties of furnaces are manufactured and they all have various parts and functions. Depending on your home and location, your utility bill and home temperature can improve dramatically if you buy an appropriate furnace. Air conditioning systems are also very unique and it is essential to purchase a system that is the most effective. When you meet with a heating and cooling specialist, they will evaluate your home and help select the system that will meet your needs the best. These specialists are also experienced in fixing all kinds of repairs on these systems. Experience a large change in your year-round comfort with experienced heating and cooling specialists by your side.

Source: http://huasteco.info/heating-and-air-conditioning-repairs/

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Wednesday, November 21, 2012

Covert Affairs Season 3 Finale Recap ? Annie and Auggie Kiss ...

If you have yet to watch Tuesday?s season finale of Covert Affairs, avert your eyes now. Everyone else, you may proceed?

Covert Affairs wrapped up its third season on Tuesday night with two big cliffhangers.

First, Henry Wilcox presents Annie with a case folder in the same diner where his son Jai met with the CIA spy gal right before getting blown up in the season opener. She tells him she won?t do anything that goes against Joan and Arthur. But after taking a look at the contents of the file, she asks if everything in there is true. It is, and she?s in. What could the mysterious assignment be, and why is it important enough for Walker to risk working with Daddy Wilcox?

RELATED | USA Orders More White Collar, Covert Affairs and Royal Pains

But let?s talk about the big development you?re really here to discuss: the kiss! After bringing up that not-so-little talk they needed to have almost all season, Auggie asks Annie if she?d like to get a drink when they return home from their trip. Annie?s up for a beer at their local haunt, but Auggie has something nicer in mind? for Friday? around 8 pm. That sounds suspiciously like a date to both us and Annie, who agrees, her breath hitching and a curious, happy smile spreading across her face (unbeknownst to Auggie).

RELATED | USA Network Sets Return Dates for Suits, White Collar and Necessary Roughness

Auggie then decides he can?t wait until Friday. He comes over to Annie?s place and announces that there?s nothing certain about the lives they live. Translation: There?s no time to waste.

?Timing?s everything, Annie. I wanted to talk now,? he explains.

But there?s no chit chat as he grazes her arm before cupping her cheek and kissing her firmly. Annie is more than happy to reciprocate. But she?s still wearing the key necklace, a reminder of her feelings for Simon, and there?s always her and Eyal?s constant, simmering flirtation, so you have to wonder if Annie?s heart will be more conflicted when the new season picks up. Or do you think she?s ready to dive into a relationship with Auggie, who?s always, always been there for her?

Covert Affairs fan, hit the comments with your thoughts on the long-awaited smooch. Are you ready for an Annie and Auggie romance? And what do you think was in that file folder?

Source: http://tvline.com/2012/11/20/covert-affairs-season-3-finale-recap-annie-auggie-kiss/

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Music in the workplace can disrupt harmony ? Business ...

businessman listening to loud musicListening to music while working has become fairly common in many work??places. Some surveys have shown that this practice may actually improve em??ployees? job satisfaction and productivity.

There are, however, important legal and practical consequences you must consider if you do allow employees to listen to music in the workplace, lest you start hearing the not-so-sweet sounds of employee complaints ? or even lawsuits. One company in California came under legal fire because of the hostile work environment created by one of its employee?s taste in music.

Case in point: A black assembly technician repeatedly complained to his supervisors that he felt racially harassed by a co-worker who played loud rap music and sang along to lyrics that included racial slurs, including the ?N-word.? When the employer allegedly did nothing to address the complaints and subsequently fired the black employee, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) filed a racial har??assment and retaliation lawsuit on the employee?s behalf. The employer settled the case for $168,000. (EEOC v. Novellus Systems, Inc.)

Note: If your company allows em??ployees to openly listen to music, as a manager you must be prepared to handle an employee?s objection to a co-worker?s musical choices.

Above all, employees must understand that listening to music at work is a privilege rather than a right?a privilege that can and will be taken away if abused. Employees may openly play music only if all those in the immediate area agree and if productivity and job performance are not negatively affected. Otherwise, music must be kept at a low volume; or headphones or earbuds must be used.

If an employee complains about offensive music, it?s imperative that you take corrective measures promptly.

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Urban noise makes flycatchers change length of their songs

ScienceDaily (Nov. 20, 2012) ? Do birds change their tune in response to urban noise? It depends on the bird species, according to Dr. Alejandro Ariel R?os-Chel?n from the Universidad Nacional Aut?noma de M?xico and colleagues. Their work shows that while some birds do adapt their songs in noisy conditions by means of frequency changes, others like the vermilion flycatchers adapt their song by means of changes in song lengths.

The work is published online in Springer's journal, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.

Birds use their songs during social interactions to attract females and repel intruders. Factors affecting acoustic communication, such as urban noise, may therefore impair breeding success. Research to date has shown that several songbird (or oscine) species like robins, nightingales and blackbirds, adapt their song in response to noise. This is done in order to improve acoustic communication in noisy conditions. However, little work has been done on the more tropical sister group of the oscines, the sub-oscines, which includes the vermilion flycatcher.

Rios-Chel?n and team investigated whether male vermilion flycatchers adapted their song under noisy conditions in the same way as their less tropical sister group. They recorded the songs of 29 territorial vermilion flycatcher males in different parks and urban areas of Mexico City. They registered noise levels at different moments of both the pre-dawn and dawn chorus, measured song length, and counted the total number of elements in the birds' song to assess song versatility.

They found that males occupying territories with relatively high noise levels produced longer songs, whereas males in quieter places sang both long and short songs. Males also showed song plasticity as they sang less versatile songs later in the morning when noise level was higher, but time of day seemed to play a more important role in driving this shift than did noise levels.

The authors conclude, "While these results show that time of day has an effect on individual song versatility, we cannot discard an influence of noise... this study supports the idea that sub-oscine adaptation to noise is different in degree and mode to that taking place among oscines, suggesting heterogeneity in the capacity of bird species to colonize and survive in the urban environment."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Springer Science+Business Media.

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Journal Reference:

  1. Alejandro Ariel R?os-Chel?n, Esmeralda Quir?s-Guerrero, Diego Gil, Constantino Mac?as Garcia. Dealing with urban noise: vermilion flycatchers sing longer songs in noisier territories. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2012; DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1434-0

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/gcV4YmLTnsI/121120121906.htm

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Tuesday, November 20, 2012

Pharmacy Technician Jobs - references and education directory

Regardless of how our economic situation fares, the pharmacy technician career will have an easier time staying afloat and the demand for it will only continue to grow. Pharmacy technician jobs are teeming all over the place, but the heavy competition may make things had for you. So if you want to find yourself being sought after by an employer, receiving proper training and certification is necessary.

You don?t really have to undergo formal training in order to become a pharmacy technician, but there are additional benefits if you do. Educational institutions such as vocational schools, community colleges, and hospitals offer formal training programs ranging from a 6 months to 24 months. If you want to be qualified for the best pharmacy technician jobs, getting formal education is recommended.

Once you have completed you formal training program, you can make yourself even more attractive to potential employers by working hard to attain certification and other credentials. Certification is an excellent indication of your competency as a pharmacy tech. You can seek to become certified by either the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) or the Institute for the Certification of Pharmacy Technicians (PTCB).

If you try to notice the requirements among the majority of pharmacy technician jobs, they require applicants to have reliable communications and interpersonal skills since they will be spending most of their time working with healthcare workers and interacting with patients. Sound mathematical and analytical skills are also a must when preparing medications.

Pharmaceutical firms are not the only places where pharmacy technician jobs can be found ? there are also plenty of employment opportunities in hospitals, convenience stores, and department stores which have their own pharmacy. To help make your search easier, you can take advantage of the internet and you can also submit your resume to online job directory websites.

The classified ads section of your local newspaper can also give you plenty of options when it comes to pharmacy technician jobs. If you have decided that you want to apply for a job in a pharmaceutical firm, you may want to drop by the company website to check out their employment opportunities and know more about what they are looking for.

If you think getting a diploma from a pharmacy tech school is very difficult, well think again. Check out our website about pharmacy technician certification and we?ll provide you with materials to help you reach your dreams. Visit www.pharmacytechnicianreviews.org now.

Source: http://referencesandeducation.info/2012/11/pharmacy-technician-jobs-how-to-deserve-a-higher-pay/

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Source: http://davidwarne2365.blogspot.com/2012/11/pharmacy-technician-jobs-references-and.html

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Source: http://shurlock-walrus.blogspot.com/2012/11/pharmacy-technician-jobs-references-and.html

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Kids want an iPad for Christmas ? and nothing else

Listen up, parents. Your kids want an iPad. Don?t be swayed by the Microsoft Surface commercials or the Nintendo Wii U chatter. No matter whether your child is 6 or 16, the iPad is at the top of Christmas wish lists for 2012, a new survey has it.?According to Nielsen Wire, the top four out of five most-wanted gifts for children and teens bear an Apple logo.

Even more intriguing are the changes in what Apple products are wanted this holiday season versus last year. If anything, the trend can be summed-up in one word: tablet?

The survey found 48 percent of kids 6-12 had an iPad at the top of their lists. Not just any iPad, either.

Kids, even six-year-olds, are tech saavy and haven?t fallen for Apple?s advertising blitz surrounding the iPad mini. They know the score and read the tech news: the full-size iPad 4 is what?s hot with young children and tweens.

Nintendo?s Wii U ? designed to spark some life into the aging Wii game console ? is the #2 choice for this age category, pulling in 39 percent of the votes.

What?s interesting, though, is that the tween tech titan ? the iPod touch ? has fallen to third place in the holiday survey. Yes, the mini is smaller and a better fit for a young person?s hand, but, c?mon, where?s the Retina display, right?

The iPod touch was always viewed as the gateway drug to an iPhone.

Your mom had one, your big brother or sister had one and you wanted it, too. However, the iPhone has lost some of its exclusivity, some of its cache among the younger folks.

Why?

What?s your older sibling have ? or can?t stop whining about?

Yes, an iPad.

Nothing makes kids want something more than when someone else has it.

Speaking of which, Nielsen found the iPad was desired by 21 percent of teens 13 and up. Just thirteen percent wanted the iPad mini. Microsoft?s Surface at three percent tied with the PlayStation Portable and the Nintendo DS.

Like, really, a DS?

Along with the iPad, the top five most wanted gadgets by teens included a computer (19 percent), a tablet other than the iPad (18 percent), the Wii U and the iPhone.

Apparently, the iPhone is not the teen magnet it once was. Most likely, the teens who wanted an iPhone already have one and have moved on.

In terms of smartphones, while fourteen percent of teens surveyed want an iPhone for Christmas, just 11 percent are hoping for an Android phone while only nine percent of teens surveyed hope to find a Samsung Galaxy Note or Tab under the tree.

What?s that you say?

Liked that toddler clip?

Here, another one.

So, I know where I?ll be shopping for my kids ? and it won?t be the toy store.

Just thank goodness Apple doesn?t make cars.

Source: http://www.idownloadblog.com/2012/11/20/nielsen-christmas-ipad-kids/

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Video: White House denies hiding Benghazi attack origins



>>> the benghazi investigation after a weekend of sharp criticism and pressure from republicans, a lot of it took place on yesterday's "meet the press." our chief foreign affairs correspondent andrea mitchell .

>> reporter: good evening, brian, white house and intelligence officials are denying charges that there was an attempt to whitewash the origins of the benghazi attack to protect the president politically. today, white house officials say they knew it was a terrorist attack from the beginning. there was never a question in their mind, but to them that didn't rule out that it could have been spontaneous or planned long in advance. and they still get conflict information on who the suspects were. so they say the intelligence committee , not the white house , wrote unclassified talking points for susan rice that were deliberately vague to avoid the compromising legal issues. that led to charges that politics were involved, something the spy agencies tonight say is just not true.

>> andrea mitchell , who will remain on this story for us,

Source: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightly-news/49893218/

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Monday, November 19, 2012

Ayala Land Real Estate Philippines ? One Serendra ? East and ...

Situated within the 12-hectare garden condominium development of Serendra in the emerging business district of Bonifacio Global City, One Serendra offers a unique living proposition: a gracious suburban lifestyle within the conveniences of the city.

One Serendra provides gracious suburban living in the city ? combining the comforts of larger, more thoughtfully- planned living spaces, gardens and open spaces traditionally found in subdivisions with the conveniences of access only an urban location provides. With 65% of its hectares dedicated to open space and landscaped gardens, exclusive country-club-like amenities, and unmatched access to urban necessities, One Serendra provides homeowners both a sense of unparalleled convenience as well as immediate escape ?- truly the best of both worlds.

The project is a distinctive, sprawling, human-scaled development consisting of low-to-mid-rise terraced sections in the first few phases, gradually spiraling to taller section in later phases, all set within landscaped tropical gardens. It combines a European-inspired masterplan with Filipino architecture patterned after the distinctive ?bahay na bato? design. And within this private enclave, residents are able to enjoy exclusive amenities such as a dedicated spa, underground badminton, volleyball and basketball courts, multiple swimming pools, gyms and many others. With the addition of the Towers, additional facilities will be added which will only serve to enhance the living experience of those currently residing in the One Serendra community.

Artist Render of One-Serendra East and West Tower, BGC

CITY WITHIN REACH ? One Serendra is conveniently located within Bonifacio Global City (BGC) ? a bustling commercial and residential district that is the home of passionate minds. Over the years, BGC has become a destination of choice for those who enjoy its wide open roads, green spaces, unique restaurants, art installations as well as those who patronize its leading health and educational institutions. Nestled seamlessly within the Serendra Development is the Shops at Serendra. Quaint multi-cultural restaurants, trendy boutiques, art galleries, home stores and unique service establishments are just a few steps away. At the heart of the City Center masterplan of Bonifacio Global City, Bonifacio High Street offers the central work-play experience in the business district, with its ground level of shops and second level of office spaces. And, just across the road is Market! Market! which provides the best regional delicacies, fresh fruits and flowers and all your basic necessities. Whether you are searching for delicacies from various Philippines provinces or haggling with your suki for the ?best price? for that perfect plant for your terrace ? the possibilities at Market! Market! are endless.

  • LIVING AMONG GREENS: One Serendra prides itself in being the lowest density project within Bonifacio Global City today and is considered the pioneering residential development of its kind in the market, with approximately 65% of its area dedicated to open spaces and landscaped greenery and various amenities and facilities. From Nicaraguan Jasmine trees, flowering trellises filled with thunbergia, swaying bamboo clusters to a pond filled with koi, One Serendra provides a unique garden environment that provides the spirit with an overwhelming sense of calm. All this, at the heart of the city ? is truly a rare find.
  • ENGAGING PASSIONS: No other development offers similarly scaled amenities that One Serendra provides. With more than a half a hectare of fitness and wellness facilities, One Serendra residents will always find avenues to engage in their passion. In addition, One Serendra provides venues for social gatherings and indoor and outdoor play for children of all ages.
  • THRIVING COMMUNITY: Not only has One Serendra continued to grow as a development, but has also evolved into being a home to a dynamic community. Earlier phases such as the Palm, Bamboo, Mahogany and Narra sections have since been turned over to unit owners with approximately 500 families calling One Serendra a home. They have organized among themselves several social events to jointly celebrate various occasions to further strengthen neighborhood ties. Residents have also shown tremendous interest in sustaining the grandeur of the One Serendra development as it was delivered. In fact, the Serendra Condominium Corporation has been turned over to a resident-controlled board ? thereby allowing residents to take an even more active role towards the maintenance and upkeep of the landscaped areas, amenities and facilities.
  • OTHER AMENITIES AND SERVICES

One Serendra also provides its residents a wide range of additional amenities and services to enhance the living experience.

Reputable Building Management

Full Concierge Service

Dedicated Administration Offices and Mailroom per phase

24 Hour Building Security

24 Hour Doorman

Personal Storage Spaces for individual purchases/lease (2011)

Exclusive Laundromat services for use of residents

The One Serendra high-rise towers comprise the latter phase of One Serendra?s development, complementing the initial and midrise phase in line with the whole Serendra masterplan. Situated along the property side fronting 32nd Street, the One Serendra towers will be composed of two high-rise structures connected by a scenic plaza and exclusive garden bridge units.

For Inquiries, Please Call JP, Tony or Vicky Reyes at 930-7635, 211-1970, 453-8373, 425-2979 or 09178653689 or 09173138271 or 09173138273 or 09173138278 | APReyes Realty Investment | Feel free to ask us questions about Condo units for sale in West Tower at One Serendra, Bonifacio Global City, we will be happy to answer them for you. Please contact only the undersigned for viewing appointments or site tripping. Or INQUIRE NOW by CLICKING HERE

Related Posts with Thumbnails

Source: http://www.ayalalandrealestate.com/one-serendra-east-and-west-tower-construction-updates-7/

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Nuptial Exclusion

Emily Yoffe.

Emily Yoffe

Photograph by Teresa Castracane.

Emily Yoffe, aka Dear Prudence, is on Washingtonpost.com weekly to chat live with readers. An edited?transcript of the chat is below. (Sign up here?to get Dear Prudence delivered to your inbox each week. Read Prudie?s?Slate columns?here. Send questions to Prudence at prudence@slate.com.)

Emily Yoffe: Good afternoon. I'm looking forward to your questions and to my mother-in-law's fabulous meal on Thursday. She's still making the turkey at age 93.

Q. Daughter Excludes My Wife From Her Wedding: I married Kate, my second wife, 10 years ago. My teenage daughters were 17 and 19. I had been divorced from their mom for five years, and Kate had nothing to do with our divorce. My daughters never warmed to Kate, and in fact, they have always treated her rudely. Kate has been excluded from all of their major milestone celebrations: birthdays, graduations, etcetera. Kate always encouraged me to attend without her, because she has always wanted me to have a relationship with my children. Kate and I now have two children, 6 and 4, and my eldest daughter is marrying. Children of all ages are welcome at her wedding?but not Kate or her younger half siblings. I think I have reached the end of the line, and so has Kate. My daughters want nothing to do with my wife or my children. I am so exasperated with my daughters, and I don't know what to do. They say I always need to choose them over Kate, because they are my children, and until now I always have. But now I'm actually considering missing my daughter's wedding.

A: I often hear from children of first families whose fathers have married women who campaign to erase these children from their lives. But Kate sounds like a generous, patient person?how exasperating to be excluded from events for all these years and how kind of her to encourage you to go. I don't think your daughter's wedding is the place to draw the line in the sand. It is beyond outrageous that your daughter is not including her stepmother and half siblings at this event, but this pattern was set long ago. You should have a private talk with your daughter and explain that her exclusion of your wife and your children has been painful for everyone. Say you cannot force her to invite your wife and her half siblings, but as she herself is creating a new family, it would be a lovely gesture of reconciliation on her part. If she refuses, attend by yourself. You want to be able to have a connection with your future grandchildren, however tenuous. But after the wedding, invite both your grown daughters out to dinner and explain that they are adults now and need to start acting like it. You can say you haven't chosen Kate and your new family over them?they have chosen to make it impossible for all of you to have a relationship. You have endured years of insults because you love them and kept hoping things would get better. You still do, but they've got to realize there are consequences for striking out for no good reason.

Dear Prudence: Sex Offender at the Kids Party

Q. Am I Intruding?: My brother and his wife's unborn baby has serious medical problems and is not expected to survive more than a few hours after birth. My brother told us that my SIL wants privacy after the birth and does not want anyone to come over, except for her parents and sister. I know my grief does not even compare to their loss but I feel devastated I won't be able to meet my niece when she is alive. My parents are pretty torn up about this, too. I know it will be a very emotional time for both my brother and SIL and I can see why she doesn't want to endure such a raw experience in front of her in-laws, whom she does not know very well. My brother said his wife might be OK with us coming after they say their farewell but by then it might be too late. Is it totally inappropriate for me to ask them to reconsider?

A: You need to recognize that experiencing the near-simultaneous birth and death of a child does not leave room for your emotional needs. If your parents want to be able to say farewell to their grandchild, they need to have talk with your brother and see if his wife can accommodate their wish. Maybe your brother can arrange for your parents to spend a few minutes alone with the baby. But you do not belong in this equation, especially since there is something bizarrely selfish about your need to "meet" your niece before her death. I'm sure you know that lots of things are not about you. The profound loss your brother and sister-in-law are about to experience is just about the definition of something that's not being about you. Please have the decency to stay out of the way.

Q. Maybe a Not-So-Happy Thanksgiving?: I am recently married, and will be spending Thanksgiving with my new in-laws. They are a very, ultra conservative group and dislike our president. I, however, voted for him, and have tried to stay away from the political banter. My sister-in-law recently sent my husband a message asking if I was a "closet" Obama supporter. Quite honestly, it's none of her business, but I took it upon myself to respond to her directly instead of through my husband. I know she has told his family that I support Obama, and I know it will be an issue at Thanksgiving (we live four hours away from them). Luckily, my husband is amazingly supportive and has stated that he will stand by me no matter what. I'm just not sure how to handle his family. Thank you, I don't want a fight.

A: The answer to are you a "closet" Obama supporter is no, because you are a proud and open Obama supporter. You are also right that your political views are none of their business, unless they want to make it so. You and your husband need to plan this out before the assault on mashed potato hill. If you start being goaded you can say, "I know it's painful when your candidate loses, so let's talk about more pleasant things." Or, "I'm happy to discuss the issues, but probably everyone's digestion will be better if we don't." Ignore the random Obama put-downs?during them you can recite to yourself, "Yeah, and that's 332 electoral college votes for my guy." If it becomes intolerable your husband should be prepared to interject that it's time the subject got changed, and then ask what teams people think are going to the Super Bowl.

Q. Re: Am I Intruding?: I have nothing to add to Prudie's response except, AMEN! Though this is terrible and sad for everyone involved, your feelings do not even come close to those of your brother and his wife. Busy yourself thinking about ways you can help them and make life easier during what I imagine will be a long and painful grieving process. And try to do things that don't involve a lots of face time with the grieving parents, since it sounds like they mostly want privacy. Rake leaves, shovel snow, drop off dinners/groceries and understand that they aren't going to be the "same" people they've always been; things will be different and you need to support them through all of it. Surprisingly I think you'll gain the most comfort by offering it to others and putting them first during this hard time.

A: You're right that quiet, unobtrusive, behind the scenes help might be welcome. And I hope the sister-in-law doesn't need a warning to keep all this off her Facebook page.

Q. Illegitimate Half Brother's Inheritance: Five years ago, my sister and I discovered the existence of our father's biological son from a secret second family. By this stage our father had already passed away and we decided to meet him. He and my sister have developed a close relationship, whereas I didn't really click with him and I consider him more of a distant relative than a biological sibling. Recently our paternal grandmother passed away, leaving her home to me and my sister. She knew we had a half bother but never met him or spoke to him. We decided to sell the home and divide the money. Here's where we clash. She thinks we should split the money in thirds and give our half brother a portion. She feels particularly strong about this because he's a single father. As for me, I am not especially close to him, our grandmother knew of his existence but chose to include only me and my sister in her will, so I don't see why I need to give up my portion for a man I barely know. I told my sister if she feels so strongly about this she can halve her share with him but she says it's "not fair." If we split the money 50-50 instead, it will mean I can pay off my mortgage and retire early. I'm reluctant to delay the two for this half brother, who might as well be a fourth cousin to me. Who is in the right here?me or my sister?

Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=519977b1abbdbdaf71271f4613dfd3f5

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Scripps Research Institute team identifies a potential cause of Parkinson's disease

Scripps Research Institute team identifies a potential cause of Parkinson's disease [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 19-Nov-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Jann Coury
jcoury@scripps.edu
858-784-8245
Scripps Research Institute

Discovery may lead to new treatment options

LA JOLLA, CA November 19, 2012 Deciphering what causes the brain cell degeneration of Parkinson's disease has remained a perplexing challenge for scientists. But a team led by scientists from The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) has pinpointed a key factor controlling damage to brain cells in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The discovery could lead to new targets for Parkinson's that may be useful in preventing the actual condition.

The team, led by TSRI neuroscientist Bruno Conti, describes the work in a paper published online ahead of print on November 19, 2012 by the Journal of Immunology.

Parkinson's disease plagues about one percent of people over 60 years old, as well as some younger patients. The disease is characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons primarily in the substantia nigra pars compacta, a region of the brain regulating movements and coordination.

Among the known causes of Parkinson's disease are several genes and some toxins. However, the majority of Parkinson's disease cases remain of unknown origin, leading researchers to believe the disease may result from a combination of genetics and environmental factors.

Neuroinflammation and its mediators have recently been proposed to contribute to neuronal loss in Parkinson's, but how these factors could preferentially damage dopaminergic neurons has remained unclear until now.

Making Connections

Conti and his team were looking for biological pathways that could connect the immune system's inflammatory response to the damage seen in dopaminergic neurons. After searching human genomics databases, the team's attention was caught by a gene encoding a protein known as interleukin-13 receptor alpha 1 chain (IL-13Ra1), as it is located in the PARK12 locus, which has been linked to Parkinson's.

IL-13r?1 is a receptor chain mediating the action of interleukin 13 (IL-13) and interleukin 4 (IL-4), two cytokines investigated for their role as mediators of allergic reactions and for their anti-inflammatory action.

With further study, the researchers made the startling discovery that in the mouse brain, IL-13Ra1 is found only on the surface of dopaminergic neurons. "This was a 'Wow!' moment," said Brad Morrison, then a TSRI postdoctoral fellow and now at University of California, San Diego, who was first author of the paper with Cecilia Marcondes, a neuroimmunologist at TSRI.

Conti agrees: "I thought that these were very interesting coincidences. So we set out to see if we could find any biological significance."

The scientists didbut not in the way they were expecting.

'Something New Going On'

The scientists set up long-term experiments using a mouse model in which chronic peripheral inflammation causes both neuroinflammation and loss of dopaminergic neurons similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease. The team looked at mice having or lacking IL-13Ra1 and then compared the number of dopaminergic neurons in the brain region of interest.

The researchers expected that knocking out the IL-13 receptor would increase inflammation and cause neuronal loss to get even worse. Instead, neurons got better.

"We were very surprised at first," said Conti. "When we stopped to think, we got very excited because we understood that there was something new going on."

Given that cells fared better without the receptor, the team next explored whether damage occurred when dopaminergic neurons that express IL-13R?1 were exposed to IL-13 or IL-4. But exposure to IL-13 or IL-4 alone did not induce damage.

However, when the scientists exposed the neurons to oxidative compounds, they found that both IL-13 and IL-4 greatly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.

"This finally helps us understand a basic mechanism of the increased susceptibility and preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons to oxidative stress associated with neuroinflammation," said Marcondes.

The finding also demonstrated that anti-inflammatory cytokines could contribute to neuronal loss. In their article, the authors note they are not suggesting that inflammation is benign but that IL-13 and IL-4 may be harmful to neurons expressing the IL-13R?1, despite their ability to ultimately reduce inflammation. "One could say that it is not the fall that hurts you, but how you stop," said Conti.

More Clues

Along with these results, additional clues suggest that the IL-13 receptor system could be a major player in Parkinson's. For instance, some studies show Parkinson's as more prevalent in males, and the gene for IL-13R?1 is located on the X chromosome, where genetic variants are more likely to affect males.

And, though not definitive, other studies have suggested that Parkinson's disease might be more common among allergy sufferers. Since IL-13 plays a role in controlling allergic inflammation, Conti wonders if the IL-13 receptor system might explain this correlation.

If further research confirms the IL-13 receptor acts in a similar way in human dopaminergic neurons as in mice, the discovery could pave the way to addressing the underlying cause of Parkinson's disease. Researchers might, for instance, find that drugs that block IL-13 receptors are useful in preventing loss of dopaminergic cells during neuroinflammation. And, since the IL-13 receptor forms a complex with the IL-4 receptor alpha, this might also be a target of interest. With much exciting research ahead, Conti said, "This is just the beginning."

###

This research was funded by the Ellison Medical Foundation; National Institutes of Health grants AG028040 and DA030908; and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

In addition to Morrison, Marcondes and Conti, the other authors on the paper, "IL-13R?1 expression in dopaminergic neurons contributes to their oxidative stress-mediated loss following chronic systemic treatment with LPS," were Daniel Nomura, Manuel Sanchez-Alavez, Alejandro Sanchez-Gonzalez, Indrek Saar, and Tamas Bartfai, from TSRI, Kwang-Soo Kim from Harvard University, Pamela Maher from the Salk Research Institute, and Shuei Sugama from the Nippon Medical School in Tokyo.


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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Scripps Research Institute team identifies a potential cause of Parkinson's disease [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 19-Nov-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Jann Coury
jcoury@scripps.edu
858-784-8245
Scripps Research Institute

Discovery may lead to new treatment options

LA JOLLA, CA November 19, 2012 Deciphering what causes the brain cell degeneration of Parkinson's disease has remained a perplexing challenge for scientists. But a team led by scientists from The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) has pinpointed a key factor controlling damage to brain cells in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The discovery could lead to new targets for Parkinson's that may be useful in preventing the actual condition.

The team, led by TSRI neuroscientist Bruno Conti, describes the work in a paper published online ahead of print on November 19, 2012 by the Journal of Immunology.

Parkinson's disease plagues about one percent of people over 60 years old, as well as some younger patients. The disease is characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons primarily in the substantia nigra pars compacta, a region of the brain regulating movements and coordination.

Among the known causes of Parkinson's disease are several genes and some toxins. However, the majority of Parkinson's disease cases remain of unknown origin, leading researchers to believe the disease may result from a combination of genetics and environmental factors.

Neuroinflammation and its mediators have recently been proposed to contribute to neuronal loss in Parkinson's, but how these factors could preferentially damage dopaminergic neurons has remained unclear until now.

Making Connections

Conti and his team were looking for biological pathways that could connect the immune system's inflammatory response to the damage seen in dopaminergic neurons. After searching human genomics databases, the team's attention was caught by a gene encoding a protein known as interleukin-13 receptor alpha 1 chain (IL-13Ra1), as it is located in the PARK12 locus, which has been linked to Parkinson's.

IL-13r?1 is a receptor chain mediating the action of interleukin 13 (IL-13) and interleukin 4 (IL-4), two cytokines investigated for their role as mediators of allergic reactions and for their anti-inflammatory action.

With further study, the researchers made the startling discovery that in the mouse brain, IL-13Ra1 is found only on the surface of dopaminergic neurons. "This was a 'Wow!' moment," said Brad Morrison, then a TSRI postdoctoral fellow and now at University of California, San Diego, who was first author of the paper with Cecilia Marcondes, a neuroimmunologist at TSRI.

Conti agrees: "I thought that these were very interesting coincidences. So we set out to see if we could find any biological significance."

The scientists didbut not in the way they were expecting.

'Something New Going On'

The scientists set up long-term experiments using a mouse model in which chronic peripheral inflammation causes both neuroinflammation and loss of dopaminergic neurons similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease. The team looked at mice having or lacking IL-13Ra1 and then compared the number of dopaminergic neurons in the brain region of interest.

The researchers expected that knocking out the IL-13 receptor would increase inflammation and cause neuronal loss to get even worse. Instead, neurons got better.

"We were very surprised at first," said Conti. "When we stopped to think, we got very excited because we understood that there was something new going on."

Given that cells fared better without the receptor, the team next explored whether damage occurred when dopaminergic neurons that express IL-13R?1 were exposed to IL-13 or IL-4. But exposure to IL-13 or IL-4 alone did not induce damage.

However, when the scientists exposed the neurons to oxidative compounds, they found that both IL-13 and IL-4 greatly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.

"This finally helps us understand a basic mechanism of the increased susceptibility and preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons to oxidative stress associated with neuroinflammation," said Marcondes.

The finding also demonstrated that anti-inflammatory cytokines could contribute to neuronal loss. In their article, the authors note they are not suggesting that inflammation is benign but that IL-13 and IL-4 may be harmful to neurons expressing the IL-13R?1, despite their ability to ultimately reduce inflammation. "One could say that it is not the fall that hurts you, but how you stop," said Conti.

More Clues

Along with these results, additional clues suggest that the IL-13 receptor system could be a major player in Parkinson's. For instance, some studies show Parkinson's as more prevalent in males, and the gene for IL-13R?1 is located on the X chromosome, where genetic variants are more likely to affect males.

And, though not definitive, other studies have suggested that Parkinson's disease might be more common among allergy sufferers. Since IL-13 plays a role in controlling allergic inflammation, Conti wonders if the IL-13 receptor system might explain this correlation.

If further research confirms the IL-13 receptor acts in a similar way in human dopaminergic neurons as in mice, the discovery could pave the way to addressing the underlying cause of Parkinson's disease. Researchers might, for instance, find that drugs that block IL-13 receptors are useful in preventing loss of dopaminergic cells during neuroinflammation. And, since the IL-13 receptor forms a complex with the IL-4 receptor alpha, this might also be a target of interest. With much exciting research ahead, Conti said, "This is just the beginning."

###

This research was funded by the Ellison Medical Foundation; National Institutes of Health grants AG028040 and DA030908; and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

In addition to Morrison, Marcondes and Conti, the other authors on the paper, "IL-13R?1 expression in dopaminergic neurons contributes to their oxidative stress-mediated loss following chronic systemic treatment with LPS," were Daniel Nomura, Manuel Sanchez-Alavez, Alejandro Sanchez-Gonzalez, Indrek Saar, and Tamas Bartfai, from TSRI, Kwang-Soo Kim from Harvard University, Pamela Maher from the Salk Research Institute, and Shuei Sugama from the Nippon Medical School in Tokyo.


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